Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប IPA: [tunleː saːp], in a real sense enormous waterway (tonle); new, not pungent (sap), normally meant 'extraordinary lake') is an occasionally immersed freshwater lake, the Tonlé Sap Lake and an appended stream, the 120 km (75 mi) long Tonlé Sap River, that associates the lake to the Mekong River.[1] They structure the focal piece of a complex hydrological framework, in the 12,876 km2 (4,971 sq mi) Cambodian floodplain covered with a mosaic of regular and rural natural surroundings that the Mekong recharges with water and dregs yearly. The focal plain development is the aftereffect of millions of long stretches of Mekong alluvial testimony and release. From a topographical point of view, the Tonlé Sap Lake and Tonlé Sap River are an ebb and flow freeze-outline portrayal of the gradually yet constantly moving lower Mekong bowl. Yearly change of the Mekong's water volume, enhanced by the Asian rainstorm system, causes a unique[2] stream inversion of the Tonle Sap River.[3] The biggest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, it contains an outstanding enormous assortment of interconnected eco-locales with a serious level of biodiversity and is thusly a biodiversity hotspot. It was assigned an UNESCO biosphere save in 1997.[4]
The Tonlé Sap Lake possesses a topographical discouragement (the most reduced lying region) of the tremendous alluvial and lacustrine floodplain in the lower Mekong bowl, which has been instigated by the crash of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.[5][6] The lake's size, length and water volume shifts extensively throughout a year from a territory of around 2,500 km2 (965 sq mi), a volume of 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) and a length of 160 km (99 mi) toward the finish of the dry season in late-April to a region of up to 16,000 km2 (6,178 sq mi), a volume of 80 km3 (19 cu mi) and a length of 250 km (160 mi) as the Mekong greatest and the pinnacle of the southwest storm's precipitation come full circle in September and early-October.[7]
As one of the world's generally fluctuated and beneficial environments the area has consistently been of focal significance for Cambodia's food supply. It demonstrated prepared to do to a great extent keeping up the Angkorean development, the biggest pre-modern settlement complex in world history.[8] Directly and by implication it influences the business of huge quantities of an overwhelmingly rustic populace.
The lake and its encompassing biological systems have gone under expanding pressure from deforestation, foundation improvement and environmental change in late years.[9][10][11] All Mekong riparian states have built a progression of dams to abuse the stream's hydroelectric potential. A progression of global offices that dam the waterway's standard is believed to be a genuine danger to the Tonle Sap eco-area by lessening stream into the lake and decreasing connectivity.[12] Climate change caused various extreme dry spells in Cambodia during the 2010s, which has additionally influenced the yearly stream into the lake. Fisheries and food security of the populace have been affected.[13][14] Satellite imaging proposed the low water levels during 2019 was driven by a specific extreme dry season and was exacerbated by the retention of water in hydropower dams in China.[15
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